2019 年反送中運動簡介The 2019 Anti-Extradition Movement — An Introduction
2019.03.31 – 2019.10.23
2019 年 3 月至 2020 年初,香港爆發主權移交以來最大規模的社會運動。起因是特區政府提出修訂《逃犯條例》,建議以「單一個案移交」方式把疑犯移交至中國內地。市民擔心此舉拆毀香港與內地間的司法防火牆,令港人隨時被送往沒有獨立司法的地方受審,於是走上街頭。運動由 3 月 31 日首次大遊行開始,6 月 9 日百萬人遊行、6 月 16 日二百萬人遊行接連刷新紀錄。
運動訴求由「撤回修例」擴展為「五大訴求,缺一不可」。政府於 9 月 4 日宣布撤回修例,10 月 23 日正式撤回,但其餘訴求一概拒絕。據政府數字,2019 年 6 月 9 日至 2020 年 1 月 2 日,共有 6,943 人被捕。2020 年 6 月 30 日《香港國安法》生效,運動進入被全面清算的階段,大批參與者被捕、判刑或流亡海外。
From March 2019 to early 2020, Hong Kong citizens launched a mass movement against the government's proposed amendments to the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance. Beginning with marches of a million people, it grew into six months of citywide protest, and its demands expanded from “withdraw the bill” to the “Five Demands, Not One Less.” Key dates: 31 March 2019, the movement begins with its first mass march; 23 October 2019, the amendment bill is formally withdrawn.
來源:Source: 中文維基百科〈反對逃犯條例修訂草案運動〉Chinese Wikipedia, “Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement”
五大訴求全文(「五大訴求,缺一不可」)The Five Demands in Full — “Five Demands, Not One Less”
2019.06 – 2019.07.01
「五大訴求,缺一不可」是 2019 年反送中運動的核心口號,經 2019 年 7 月 1 日佔領立法會後定型為五項:第一,全面撤回《逃犯條例》修訂草案;第二,撤回「暴動」定性,即收回當局把 6 月 12 日金鐘衝突定性為暴動的做法;第三,撤銷被捕示威者控罪,釋放被捕者;第四,成立獨立調查委員會,追究警隊涉嫌濫用武力;第五,行政長官及立法會雙普選,落實真正的雙普選。第五項最初是「行政長官林鄭月娥辭職下台」,七一佔領立法會後改為雙普選,反映訴求從針對一條修例、一個人,深化為要求制度變革。
五項訴求環環相扣:撤回修例是起點,撤回暴動定性與撤銷控罪是對被捕者的交代,獨立調查是追究鎮壓責任,雙普選則是要從制度上防止同樣的事重演。政府最終只答應第一項,其餘四項全部拒絕,連成立獨立調查委員會這樣最基本的問責要求也不肯接受。
The movement's core demands, finalised after the storming of the Legislative Council on 1 July 2019:
- Full withdrawal of the extradition bill amendment draft
- Retraction of the “riot” characterisation
- Release of arrested protesters and withdrawal of their charges
- An independent commission of inquiry to investigate alleged police abuse of force
- Dual universal suffrage for the Chief Executive and the Legislative Council
Note: the fifth demand originally called for Chief Executive Carrie Lam to step down; after the storming of the Legislative Council on July 1, it was changed to dual universal suffrage.
來源:Source: 中文維基百科〈五大訴求,缺一不可〉Chinese Wikipedia, “Five Demands, Not One Less”
《逃犯條例》修訂草案背景Background to the Extradition Bill Amendment
2019.02.15 · 2019.03.29 · 2019.04.03
2019 年 2 月 15 日,保安局向立法會保安事務委員會提交修例建議,理由是處理一宗台灣殺人案——一名香港男子涉嫌在台灣殺害女友後逃回香港,兩地之間沒有引渡安排。政府提出的方案,是以「單一個案移交」方式,把疑犯移交至中國內地、澳門及台灣等沒有長期移交安排的司法管轄區。草案於 3 月 29 日刊憲,4 月 3 日在立法會首讀。
草案一出即引發強烈質疑。香港《逃犯條例》一直把中國內地排除在移交範圍之外,這道防火牆正是「一國兩制」下香港獨立司法管轄區地位的體現。修例建議取消立法會對個案移交的審批權,改由行政長官決定,法律界、商界、傳媒以至外國政府紛紛警告:內地司法缺乏獨立性,疑犯一旦移交,難以得到公平審訊。台灣方面也明確表示不會接受以「一個中國」為前提的移交安排,令政府「為台灣殺人案修例」的說法不攻自破。
Citing a murder case in Taiwan, the government proposed amending the law to allow case-by-case surrender of fugitives to jurisdictions with no long-term surrender arrangements, including mainland China, Macau and Taiwan. The draft immediately raised fears across society that Hong Kong's status as a separate jurisdiction would be eroded — and it became the cause of the movement. Key dates: 15 February 2019, the Security Bureau tables the proposal before the Legislative Council Panel on Security; 29 March 2019, the bill is gazetted; 3 April 2019, first reading in the Legislative Council.
來源:Sources: 香港特區政府新聞公報HKSAR Government press release · 中文維基百科〈香港逃犯條例修訂〉Chinese Wikipedia
民間人權陣線「守護香港反送中」大遊行(六九、六一六)The Civil Human Rights Front Marches — June 9 & June 16
2019.06.09 · 2019.06.16
2019 年 6 月 9 日,民間人權陣線發起「守護香港反送中」大遊行,主辦方稱 103 萬人參加,警方稱高峰 24 萬人,是主權移交以來最大規模的遊行之一。政府當晚稱如期在 6 月 12 日恢復二讀,拒絕撤回。6 月 12 日,市民包圍立法會,警方施放催淚彈、橡膠子彈與布袋彈驅散,多人受傷,當局把當日衝突定性為「暴動」。6 月 15 日,行政長官宣布暫緩修例,同日,梁凌杰在金鐘太古廣場外墮樓身亡,成為運動中首位逝者。
6 月 16 日,民陣再發起「譴責鎮壓,撤回惡法」大遊行,主辦方稱有「200 萬零 1 人」參加——「1 人」悼念前一日墮樓身亡的梁凌杰,創遊行人數紀錄。遊行人士身穿黑衣,高呼「撤回惡法」,氣氛悲憤而克制。政府當晚只簡短聲明,表示行政長官已向市民致歉,但仍然拒絕撤回修例與成立獨立調查委員會。
On 9 June 2019, the Civil Human Rights Front organised an anti-extradition march: organisers put the turnout at 1.03 million (police said 240,000 at the peak), among the largest marches since the handover. On 16 June, the Front marched again under the banner “Condemn the Repression, Withdraw the Evil Law”: organisers announced “2 million + 1” — the “+1” in memory of Marco Leung, who fell to his death on 15 June — a Hong Kong record. Turnout figures were published separately by the organisers and the police and differ widely; both are shown here.
來源:Sources: 中文維基百科〈2019 年 6 月 9 日遊行〉Chinese Wikipedia, June 9 march · 中文維基百科〈「譴責鎮壓,撤回惡法」大遊行〉Chinese Wikipedia, June 16 march
《香港人抗爭宣言》(七一宣言)The Hong Kong People's Manifesto — the July 1 Declaration
2019.07.01
2019 年 7 月 1 日是香港主權移交 22 周年。當天,大批示威者衝擊並佔領立法會大樓約三小時,晚上約 11 時,示威者在立法會會議廳內宣讀《香港人抗爭宣言》。宣言說明衝擊立法會的目的,重申五大訴求,並要求 2020 年普選立法會,稱「不願香港為民主、自由、公義再添亡魂」。宣言指出,示威者並非要破壞立法會,而是因為所有和平表達的渠道都被堵死,才不得已佔領喚起社會關注;宣言其後被譯成多種語言,在海外廣為流傳。
佔領期間,示威者高度克制:沒有掠奪財物,留下金錢補償飲用的飲品,在牆上噴上標語後有序撤離。警方午夜過後清場,立法會大樓多處受損。特區政府與北京同聲譴責衝擊行為,多名參與者其後被捕並被控暴動等罪名,其中部分人在七一立法會案中被判囚數年。
On 1 July 2019, protesters occupied the Legislative Council building for about three hours and read out the “Hong Kong People's Manifesto” in the chamber — explaining the purpose of the storming, restating the Five Demands, and calling for universal suffrage for the Legislative Council in 2020, in the words “we do not wish Hong Kong to lose more souls for democracy, freedom and justice.” The manifesto was later translated into English, French, Japanese and other languages.
來源:Sources: 中文維基百科〈2019 年香港七一衝突〉Chinese Wikipedia · 宣言全文存檔(Project Cornwall)Full text archive (Project Cornwall)
行政長官宣布撤回修例(四項行動)The Chief Executive Announces Withdrawal of the Bill — the Four Actions
2019.09.04 · 2019.10.23
2019 年 9 月 4 日,行政長官林鄭月娥宣布特區政府會正式撤回《逃犯條例》修訂草案,保安局局長將於立法會復會後動議撤回。撤回是她同日提出的四項行動之一,其餘三項是加入監警會新成員、走入社區對話、邀請專家研究深層次問題。同年 10 月 23 日,保安局局長在立法會正式動議撤回,修例程序至此終結。從 6 月 15 日暫緩到 9 月 4 日撤回,相隔近三個月。
撤回修例是運動的第一項訴求,也是政府唯一答應的一項。政府同時拒絕獨立調查委員會、拒絕撤回「暴動」定性、拒絕撤銷被捕者控罪,雙普選更是隻字不提。換言之,政府只願收回那條法例,卻不願為鎮壓問責、不願回應制度問題。此時運動已造成多人死亡、逾千人被捕,社會撕裂遠非撤回一條草案可以修補。
Chief Executive Carrie Lam announced that the government would formally withdraw the amendment bill, with the Secretary for Security moving the withdrawal in the Legislative Council after it resumed, in accordance with the Rules of Procedure. It was one of four actions she announced that day; the others were adding new members to the Independent Police Complaints Council, entering into dialogue with the community, and inviting experts to study Hong Kong's deep-seated social issues. The bill was formally withdrawn in the Legislative Council on 23 October 2019.
來源:Sources: 香港特區政府新聞公報(2019 年 9 月 4 日)HKSAR Government press release (4 Sep 2019) · 政府新聞網news.gov.hk
國際特赦組織報告:香港警察任意拘捕、毒打與酷刑Amnesty International Report — Arbitrary Arrests, Brutal Beatings and Torture in Police Detention
2019.09.19
2019 年 9 月 19 日,國際特赦組織發表報告,指香港警務處在運動期間採取魯莽和無差別的部署策略,記錄多宗任意拘捕,以及被捕人士在扣留期間遭受酷刑及其他虐待的證據。報告指出,警方執法帶有報復心態:對和平示威者使用過度武力、拘捕後毆打已被制服的人士、拘留期間拒絕被捕者聯絡律師與家人。據政府數字,2019 年 6 月 9 日至 2020 年 1 月 2 日,共有 6,943 人被捕。報告發表翌日,警方回應表示絕不同意報告的指控。
這份報告的意義,在於它是由國際人權組織經實地調查作出的獨立判斷,而非示威者的一面之詞。監警會缺乏獨立調查權,無法約束警隊;政府卻一再拒絕成立真正獨立的調查委員會,令警暴指控始終得不到公正調查。
Following field research, Amnesty International reported that the Hong Kong Police Force had adopted reckless and indiscriminate tactics, documenting cases of arbitrary arrest and evidence of torture and other ill-treatment of arrestees in detention, carried out with a retaliatory mindset. According to government figures, 6,943 people were arrested between 9 June 2019 and 2 January 2020. The report's findings are Amnesty International's investigative conclusions; the police responded on 20 September that they strongly disagreed with the allegations — both positions are noted here.
來源:Sources: 國際特赦組織新聞稿Amnesty International press release · 國際特赦組織香港分會Amnesty International Hong Kong
2019 年反送中運動大事記(時間線要點)Timeline of the 2019 Movement — Key Dates
2019.03.31 – 2019.10.23
2019 年 3 月 31 日,民陣發起首次反修例大遊行,運動爆發。6 月 9 日百萬人遊行;6 月 12 日市民包圍立法會,警方施放催淚彈;6 月 15 日政府宣布暫緩修例,同日梁凌杰墮樓身亡;6 月 16 日「200 萬零 1 人」遊行創紀錄;7 月 1 日佔領立法會並宣讀《香港人抗爭宣言》;7 月 21 日元朗襲擊;8 月 31 日太子站事件;9 月 4 日宣布撤回修例;10 月 23 日草案正式撤回。
時間線只是骨架,血肉在每個節點背後:催淚彈、白衣人、警棍、圍城、無數年輕人的被捕與受傷。政府始終拒絕回應五大訴求。2020 年 6 月 30 日《香港國安法》生效,運動被全面清算,大批參與者入獄或流亡,香港自由空間急速收窄。
- 2019.03.31 — First mass march
- 2019.06.09 — The million-person march
- 2019.06.12 — Admiralty clashes; police fire tear gas
- 2019.06.15 — Government suspends the bill; Marco Leung falls to his death
- 2019.06.16 — Two million march
- 2019.07.01 — Storming of the Legislative Council
- 2019.07.21 — Yuen Long attack
- 2019.08.31 — Prince Edward station incident
- 2019.09.04 — Withdrawal of the bill announced
- 2019.10.23 — The bill is formally withdrawn
來源:Sources: 中文維基百科〈運動過程〉Chinese Wikipedia, chronology · 中文維基百科〈反對逃犯條例修訂草案運動〉Chinese Wikipedia, main article
Historical Moments
歷史影像Historical Images
大型遊行、警民衝突等重要時刻的影像紀錄——把 2019 年的街頭,原樣留給後來的人看。
Image records of major marches, police–citizen clashes and other key moments — preserving the streets of 2019, as they were, for those who come after.
照片與影像 · 持續徵集中Photographs & video · Submissions welcome
看歷史照片 →See the historical photos →
Movement Artifacts
運動文物Movement Artifacts
頭盔、護目鏡、海報、標語等實物展品——每一件物件背後,都是一個香港人站出來的那一天。
Physical exhibits such as helmets, goggles, posters and banners — behind every object is the day one Hong Konger stood up.
實物展品 · 歡迎捐贈Physical exhibits · Donations welcome
People & Stories
人物與故事People & Stories
參與者、記者、學生的經歷與口述紀錄——沒有大台的運動,由每一個普通人的故事組成。
The experiences and oral accounts of participants, journalists and students — a leaderless movement made of ordinary people's stories.
口述紀錄 · 進行中Oral records · In progress
看人物欄目 →See the People section →
In Remembrance
逝者紀念In Remembrance
紀念運動中離世的生命,並關注香港青年世代的經歷——記住他們,就是記住這場運動的代價。
Honouring the lives lost in the movement and the experiences of Hong Kong's younger generation — to remember them is to remember the movement's cost.
紀念展區Memorial gallery
本館公告 →Museum announcements →